Tajikistan is heavily reliant on agriculture for employment and subsistence; agriculture accounts for 20% of the national GDP and 30% of exports. About 51% of the population, and 69% of female employment, is engaged in the sector, although women are disproportionately employed in agricultural labor rather than managerial positions and therefore have limited access to decision making in the sector. Tajikistan has abundant water resources, with an annual water availability of 7,649 cubic meters per capita. However. its mountainous geography limits the total arable land area to just 7% of the total land area. Subsequently, the country is heavily dependent on imported food and agricultural commodities.
The government’s approach to national economic and social development is outlined in the National Development Strategy 2030, where it looks to transition from “an agrarian-industrial based economy” to an “industrial-agrarian based economy.” From now until 2030, dramatic growth in the service sector and industrial employment is anticipated. These two sectors are expected to employ 75%–80% of the labor force by 2030, with agriculture’s share shrinking to 20%–25%, or about half of the 2016 level. To facilitate this shift, agriculture must become vastly more efficient and productive to provide increased output with a greatly reduced labor force. This transition will require a more efficient irrigated agriculture sector. More than 90% of agriculture production in Tajikistan is from irrigated lands, while irrigation withdrawals constitute about 85% of national water resource use.
The country is drained by two transboundary rivers: the Amu Darya in the south and the Syr Darya in the north. The Vakhsh river is a major tributary of the Amu Darya contributing about 29% of its total flow. The Vakhsh River Basin is key to (irrigated) agricultural production in Tajikistan, and the Yovon scheme is one of the largest irrigation schemes in the basin. The Yovon scheme engineering infrastructure comprises: (i) Main-Branch Canals and associated structures, (ii) Pumping Systems, (iii) Secondary-Tertiary Distribution Systems, (iv) Drainage Systems, (v) Escape/ spill mudflow channels, (vi) Inspection-Farm Roads, and (vii) Field systems.
Significant upgrades need to be made to some of the scheme’s infrastructure – the remote main system flow monitoring has totally failed, and most of the gates can no longer be easily operated, even manually. The secondary and tertiary systems are arguably in an even worse condition.
The technical assistance (TA) on Support to Operation and Maintenance and Financial Sustainability of Water Resources Infrastructure is attached to the Climate and Disaster Resilient Irrigation and Drainage Modernization in the Vakhsh River Basin Project. The project financed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) will modernize prioritized components of the Yovon system. It will increase the capacities of the Agency for Land Reclamation and Irrigation (ALRI) and water users’ associations (WUAs) on infrastructure management and water use efficiency. Women farmers will be targeted in all activities. The project will also increase climate and disaster resilience, water and agricultural productivity, and farmer’s incomes through two outputs: (i) climate adaptive and gender-responsive management and operation of I&D systems strengthened, and (ii) policy strengthened for sustainable water management.
The scope of TA work comprises the development, testing and operationalization of a digital asset and financial management system (AFMS) for the Yovon unit of ALRI and the relevant ALRI unit at the headquarters and to train the ALRI staff in managing the system. The AFMS should include all infrastructural elements of the system from intake to drainage and outlets and comprises all financial flows at local, provincial, and central level including operation, maintenance and repair, and replacement budgets as well as subsidies and payments for services by different groups or organizations. The AFMS will also be used for WUAs where necessary with the support of the Union of WUAs, and/or the Yovon unit of ALRI.
The TA team and three individual consultants hired directly by ADB will coordinate their activities with ALRI and with the Project Implementation Group (PIG) of the Climate and Disaster Resilient Irrigation and Drainage Modernization in the Vakhsh River Basin Project, and will work together with the project implementation consultant (PIC) on relevant technical, institutional, and financial issues.
In addition, the TA consultant team contract will include a provision of supporting studies and survey sub-contracts, which will be engaged and supervised by the TA consultant team. Results and findings of the supporting studies and surveys will be incorporated and/or consolidated in the TA consultant team’s outputs. Expected surveys and data provision include:
(i) Detailed GPS-based irrigation asset survey of the Yovon unit project area;
(i) Provision of asset data in georeferenced GIS format with detailed GIS metadata; and
(ii) Provision of asset financial details and parameters for financial asset management.